Wednesday, May 6, 2020
The Role Of D Cycloserine ( Dcs ) On The Extinction Of...
In a study by Vengeliene, Kiefer, and Spanagel (2008), the role of d-cycloserine (DCS) on the extinction of conditioned alcohol-seeking behavior is investigated. In a dual-lever operant chamber, Wistar rats were trained using operant conditioning to press a lever to self-administer ethanol, while the opposite lever released water. Olfactory stimuli in the form of orange flavour extract and anise extract was added to aid the rats in discriminating between ethanol and water availability respectively. In addition to predictive olfactory stimuli, response-contingent cues were presented after each lever press. Through classical conditioning, ethanol is repeatedly paired with a conditioned auditory stimulus, similarly water self-administration results in the presentation of a light stimulus. The subjects were then divided into two groups, one group was injected with a vehicle and the other was injected with 5mg/kg DCS 60 minutes prior to each extinction session. During the twelve consecuti ve daily extinction sessions, both levers were extended with olfactory stimuli present and lever responses resulted in their associated cues, but no ethanol or water was released. One day after the last extinction session, the animals were primed with a dose of ethanol, and their ethanol responding was tested with its associated olfactory stimuli and response-contingent cue to study relapse-like behavior. This animal study found that the extinction of alcohol-seeking behavior, i.e. lever
Tuesday, May 5, 2020
Endurance Essay Example For Students
Endurance Essay Endurance plays a major role in many athletic activities. Without endurance training, many athletes would not be able to compete in their respective sports. Endurance training involves low resistance and high repetitions, but what exactly does this do to your body and how does it do it?For starters, endurance training increases the level of certain aerobic enzymes, which are needed for the breakdown of fuels to produce energy. Enzymes are proteins that speed up metabolic reactions; they release and transfer energy. Enzymes are influenced by many factors:1) Temperature- activity is increased when the muscles are warm, therefore warming up before the actual activity is very important2) Acidity- lower Ph levels reduces enzyme activity, leading to fatigue3) Fuel- enzymes work faster when they have more fuelThe faster the enzyme can breakdown your body’s fuel, the faster you will receive energy. Training also increases the number and size of the mitochondria. Mitochondria are cellular powerhouses that produce energy aerobically. All oxidative energy production takes place in the mitochondria. Oxygen is the key to endurance training, so the mitochondria are very important. Oxygen is needed to breakdown carbohydrates and fats, which provide energy. Dr. John Holloszy conducted an experiment to prove the importance of the mitochondria in endurance training. He had two groups of rats. One group was trained and eventually could exercise continually for four to eight hours. The untrained rats became tired after thirty minutes of exercise. Holloszy found a fifty to sixty percent increase in the mitochondrial protein and a twofold increase in oxygen consumption in the muscles of the trained rats. This also led to the conclusion that endurance-trained muscle fibers are better able to burn fat as a source of energy. Endurance training causes only limited gain in muscles. Muscles not in volved in training may actually lose strength. However, there may be an increase in myofibrils, but no significant increase in muscle fibers. Evidence has shown that fast-twitch fibers take on oxidative capabilities and assume the properties of slow-twitch fibers. Long distance runners have as much as eighty- percent slow-twitch fibers. Training also causes an increase in the ability of fast-twitch fibers to utilize oxygen. Endurance training also affects cardiac performance. The most obvious change that training brings about is a decrease in heart rate at both resting and at a fixed intensity. The stroke volume at all levels of physical activity is increased. The leads to a decrease in blood pressure. There is also an increase in cardiac output; cardiac output is the primary determinant of oxygen transport. Respiratory performance is affected by endurance training. It increases the endurance of chest muscles, which minimizes the loss of respiratory performance. Training also reduces the time it takes to reach a steady breathing rate once the exercise has begun. The ventilatory demands are decreased for four reasons:1) Increase in muscular efficiency2) Decrease in ventilatory drive3) Reduction in sensitivity of carotid chemorecptors4) Lesser production of lactateEndurance training can cause changes in your endocrine/hormonal system. Studies have shown the adrenal glands, which secrete epinephrine (adrenaline), enlarge with training. Epinephrine, cortisol, thyroxine, glucagon, and growth hormones are all secreted during exercise. Epinephrine and growth hormones are involved in the mobilization of fat. The need for insulin, which is usually secreted after a meal, is lowered because the muscles can take up sugar during exercise. Overall, training seems to fine tune the body’s secreti on and response to hormones. This leads to a more efficient use of hormones and energy. The previous talks about what endurance training does to your body. Now let’s look at what it does to you psychological. Endurance athletes have been found to have healthier mood state profiles. There are generally classified as having lower levels of tension, depression, anger, fatigue, and confusion. However, during periods of over-training, levels of anger, anxiety, and depression are increased. Overall though, endurance athletes are more mentally healthy than an average athlete is. .u92f8efc5bfa6f23e7475d779e96c3c6a , .u92f8efc5bfa6f23e7475d779e96c3c6a .postImageUrl , .u92f8efc5bfa6f23e7475d779e96c3c6a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u92f8efc5bfa6f23e7475d779e96c3c6a , .u92f8efc5bfa6f23e7475d779e96c3c6a:hover , .u92f8efc5bfa6f23e7475d779e96c3c6a:visited , .u92f8efc5bfa6f23e7475d779e96c3c6a:active { border:0!important; } .u92f8efc5bfa6f23e7475d779e96c3c6a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u92f8efc5bfa6f23e7475d779e96c3c6a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u92f8efc5bfa6f23e7475d779e96c3c6a:active , .u92f8efc5bfa6f23e7475d779e96c3c6a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u92f8efc5bfa6f23e7475d779e96c3c6a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u92f8efc5bfa6f23e7475d779e96c3c6a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u92f8efc5bfa6f23e7475d779e96c3c6a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u92f8efc5bfa6f23e7475d779e96c3c6a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u92f8efc5bfa6f23e7475d779e96c3c6a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u92f8efc5bfa6f23e7475d779e96c3c6a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u92f8efc5bfa6f23e7475d779e96c3c6a .u92f8efc5bfa6f23e7475d779e96c3c6a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u92f8efc5bfa6f23e7475d779e96c3c6a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hamlet: The Dog will have his Day EssayEndurance is gained by persistency with a lighter load. This means doing maybe one set of 20-40 with ten pounds, instead of two sets of ten to twelve with twenty pounds. You progressively increase your workload. Consistency is very important. Endurance workouts are all week long, all year-round. Endurance training affects every part of your body, physically and emotionally. It makes you healthier and overall happier person. Endurance plays a major role in all of our athletic activities. Sports and Games
Tuesday, April 14, 2020
African dance essays
African dance essays It all started with a prayer. A man dressed in white singing in a foreign language. Different languages, different people, different colors and different races. It was all part of the show that was named African Dance! What is African Dance? It is not mere dancing and music, and vendors and food. No, no! It is the story of different countries related to the African culture and the story of Africa itself. From India to Peru the African culture have somehow touch, change and/or develop lots of other cultures. There, in the African Dance Show they show the audience just a tiny bit of it. The first thing reflected in the show was the elders and why and how were they respected in those times. To a counsel of elders, the exited but patient team asked permission to continue with the show. The whole team, musicians, dancers, backstage staff... everyone whom has been part of the show (Even the elders from the audience) were awaiting for allowance to continue. And with the approval of such a wise counsel the show goes on. It all started with an Indian group known as Sidi Goma. With turkey feathers in their hats and skirts, barefooted and painted faces the agile dancers begun their part of the show. The representation of the dance was more like a wedding and/or other social events in the Indian culture. Or so it looked like. For most people it seems to be quite not impressive for the dance was not that intense compare to other African Dances. However, Malik, an African Dance Instructor from the Columbia College of Chicago explained later on, during one of his class that maybe the lack of knowledge for that specific Indians Culture, was the reason why it wasnt better appreciated. And the fact that they are the ones on stage putting on a show, weather they wouldve been telling a story or simply dancing for the fun of it, also changes the perspective of, and the whole experience with the Indian culture...
Thursday, March 12, 2020
How to Conjugate the Regular French Verb Acheter (To Buy)
How to Conjugate the Regular French Verb 'Acheter' ('To Buy') Achete (to buy) is a very common French stem-changing verb. It is a verb that has two different stems but is conjugated with the same endings as regular -er verbs. Stem-changing verbs are sometimes also called boot verbs or shoe verbs because if you circle the forms that have stem changes in the conjugation table below, the resulting shape looks like a boot or shoe. The Actual Stem Change For the present tense of verbs that end in -e_er ( _ indicates one or more consonants), the stem change consists of changing the e before that consonant to à ¨Ã‚ in all forms but nous and vous. See this happen in the table below. Stem changes are not limited to the present tense; they occur across several French tenses and moods, as shown in the table below. Note that the table below has only the simple conjugations of the verb acheter; it does not include the compound tenses, which consist of a form of the auxiliary verb and the past participle. Common -e_er Stem-Changing Verbs    acheter  to buy   amener  to take   emmener  to take    enlever  to remove   geler  to freeze   harceler  o harass   lever  to lift, raise   mener  to lead   peler  to peel   peser  to weigh   promener  to walk Other than acheter, geler, harceler and peler, most verbs that end in -eler and -eter are part of a different stem-change group that includes -eler verbs and -eter verbs. Verbs that end in -à ©_er have a similar stem change. For the present tense of verbs that end in -à ©_er, the stem change consists of changing à © to à ¨ in all forms but nous and vous, as in the following example:    je considà ¨re       nous considà ©rons   tu considà ¨res     vous considà ©rez   il considà ¨re        ils considà ¨rent Common -à ©_er Stem-Changing Verbs   cà ©der  to give up, dispose of   cà ©là ©brer to celebrate   complà ©ter to complete   considà ©rer to consider   diffà ©rer to differ   espà ©rer to hope   exagà ©rer* to exaggerate   gà ©rer to manage   inquià ©ter to worry   modà ©rer to moderate   pà ©nà ©trer to enter   possà ©der to possess   prà ©fà ©rer to prefer   protà ©ger* to protect   reflà ©ter to reflect   rà ©pà ©ter to repeat   rà ©và ©ler to reveal   suggà ©rer to suggest   zà ©brer to stripe*These are also spelling change verbs. Verbs that end in -e_er have a similar stem change. For -e_er verbs and -à ©_er verbs, the penultimate e takes on or changes to à ¨. Simple Conjugations of the French Stem-Changing Verb Acheter Present Future Imperfect Present participle j achte achterai achetais achetant tu achtes achteras achetais il achte achtera achetait nous achetons achterons achetions vous achetez achterez achetiez ils achtent achteront achetaient Pass compos Auxiliary verb avoir Past participle achet Subjunctive Conditional Pass simple Imperfect subjunctive j achte achterais achetai achetasse tu achtes achterais achetas achetasses il achte achterait acheta achett nous achetions achterions achetmes achetassions vous achetiez achteriez achettes achetassiez ils achtent achteraient achetrent achetassent Imperative tu achte nous achetons vous achetez
Monday, February 24, 2020
Information Security Risk Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Information Security Risk Management - Case Study Example Organization face internal as well as external actor, which create uncertainty for organizations in achieving the objectives. Hall (2010) called that the risk management was a hybrid function that had bridged the number of disciplines to reduce or avoid loss for organizations. Proactive activities are attempted to mitigate or prevent loss in the organizations. Tavakkoli-Moghaddam et al., (2011) used the compromise ranking (VIKOR) and fuzzy entropy techniques in engineering, procurement and construction projects. Separate techniques for risk identification and risk prioritization are used. Qualitative assessment helps the management to prioritize the risks identified by calculating their impacts and impacts. Except these techniques, Monte Carlo method is most significantly used for risk identification. This method is based on probability and their impacts. Monte Carlo method shows the correlation between the identified variables for a project. Identification of vulnerabilities and threats through risk assessment helps in determining the impacts of each risk. However, risk assessment becomes a complex undertaking when imperfect information is provided. Value assignment to information system business processes including the costs, recovery and their impacts can be measured in indirect and direct costs. Exposure of sensitive information about a specific business area of the organization has wide consequences and impacts the reputation or regard of the organization. Attacker can falsify the information, which is important for future decisions. Both qualitative and quantitative risk assessment technique can be used (Carroll, 2009). Risk identification requires the risk treatment. Risk treatment is a range of options used for risk evaluation and plan preparation for risk treatment. Planning the risk treatment also requires plans’ implementation. In an organization, when risk about information security
Saturday, February 8, 2020
Husserl's theory of Phenomenology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1
Husserl's theory of Phenomenology - Essay Example Philosopher Edmund Husserl proposed a vision of phenomenology that would increasingly allow philosophers and psychologists a means of investigating the vagaries of human conscious experience. While Husserl was the first philosopher to heighten phenomenology to an entire philosophical school of thought, subsequent thinkers would expand and change Husserl’s concepts. Throughout the 20th century two major forms of phenomenology emerged – Husserl’s theory of phenomenology and the existential theory of phenomenology. This essay compares and contrasts these divergent perspectives. There are a variety of differing features of Husserl’s theory of phenomenology and the existential version. In both instances, however, there is the similar recognition that phenomenological investigation considers internal aspects of human consciousness (Sokolowski, p. 159). Both perspectives on phenomenology worked to investigate aspects of human consciousness through bracketing techniques (Sokolowski, p. 159). In this way, the human senses’ perceived the external world was a major investigative trope. Both schools of thought recognized that the human senses only constituted a partial reflection of actual reality. Subsequently, phenomenology implemented the ‘epoche’ method of investigation where a particular aspect of sensory experience was bracketed and investigated. While the overarching mode of analysis is similar among both Husserl’s perspective the existential perspective on phenomenology, differences emerge in terms of the specifics. One of the primary differences between these perspectives is the objects they believe can be the object of phenomenological analysis. Existential phenomenology believed that phenomenology could only investigate actual objects from the external world. This perspective is contrasted with Husserl’s phenomenology that argues analysis also involved concepts such as freedom or justice. Ziemba indicates, â€Å"Husserl
Wednesday, January 29, 2020
African Traditional Literature Essay Example for Free
African Traditional Literature Essay Indigenous literature whether oral or written is the cultural heritage of most societies. Unfortunately, African traditional literature overtime has been treated as something inferior to their Western counterparts. But to a large extent, both traditional African literature and their European counterparts have similar socio-artistic values. Both express interest in the events happening in their society because they recognize their role as social barometer, hence, they need to express themselves properly to their audience no matter the language they use. African traditional literature shares a lot with similar literature from other parts of the world. More recent studies have indeed revealed that the old view that rural societies are not capable of producing elegant literature expressing the responses of men in an advanced culture to events around them is no longer tenable. This view was upheld by Westerners who studied traditional African literature with racial prejudice. They believed that African culture was still struggling for elementary problem of existence and was yet to attain the level of civilization that will facilitate the pursuit of literary achievement. But this view was met with a lot of controversial criticisms, as African Scholars began to argue the importance of African traditional literature in the literary world, stressing the fact that traditional literature is not only relevant, but should also be accorded a literary status in the literary world. Their reasons being that African literature perform certain functions in the society; the noticeable variety in the existing genre and; the competent evidence in the elegant use of language exhibited in the cause of performance with the resultant aesthetic effect, and with time, African traditional literature began to be accepted. But it was not wholly accepted by these Europeans. They began to employ their foreign concepts in the critical evaluation of African traditional literature. They believed that Africans do not possess adequate tools for the appraisal and evaluation of their literature. Hence, they began to employ these foreign approaches in the study of African traditional literature.
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